OOCURRENCES IN THE RIVER PLATE AS CONNECTED WITII THE AND TI1E AMeiiO - FBEKCH IHíTEBVBllíTIOaí. Transíate»! fron the Spanl»h. 4 11 primo de' noatii doveri bí ó Tamoro dclla verita, e la fede iii eisa. " Silvio Pellico— Dover, drgl- Vamini. JIUSTK VIDEO t 'NATIONAL" PRINTtNG OFFICE- May 18*3.Iif the number of the Foreign Agents, spoken of ira the following pages, are not to be included those who con- ducted the aflairs of France in the River Píate, from 1838 to 1840. Those functionaries, really clear-sighted and upright, always told their government truly and honourably, what Rosas and his system were. But as they, properly speakjng, filled the place of belligerents, their information was Hable to the objection of partiality. We therefore make these worthy Agents an exception, Mr. Griffiths, the English Cónsul in Buenos Ayres, also deserves to be mentioned as an honourable exception, and we have much pleasure in making this deelaration: but the presence of a Minister residing in ihat Capital has pro- bably neutralized the efFect which his informations might otherwise have produced. l&oeas and fjt's gnetem. — JJTfje jfovtiQn agente. — CSommotJore Uurbis— f&anuel ©rttáe. — srfjc "I3rttssf> Hacnft ** and "t&aceta ítter- eantü ** of Buenos anre». A heavy charge will cver lie ^gainst thc greater part of t he Agents who, for twelve years past, have represented Foreign Nations in the River Píate. It may be that sonie among them are influenced by participation in the passions, which the ficrce strugglc that devours us engenders, and that they, at this mo- rnent, think lightly of the responsibility which rests upon their honour, their public station and their sentiments as men. It may be also that some foreign Governments do no even yet comprehend the careless or culpable conduct of their represen- tativos, because, baving no other organ but thesc same persons, through which to become aequainted with our countries, they naturally receive vitiated information from vitiated minds. But a day must come when passion will be silent, when truth must forcé itself even into distant Cabinets, when all—a like the representativos and the represented—will be forced to acknowledge thc weight and thc justness of that charge. Let us cxplain. Twelve years ago Rosas decidedly threw off all restraint, in order to establish in the River Píate a system of Govern- ment, whose foundations are ignorance and falsehood, whosc means have constantly been corruption, outrage, spoliation and death, and whose end is the eternal annihilation of cvery germ of morality, civilization, and advancement; in order that he may govern without restraint in this región, as his prototype, Francia, did in Paraguay.- 2 - The eulogies of Iiis hired parásitos, the unmeaning ver- biagc with which they have attemptetl to disguise his enor- mities, could never deceive any man of rcctitude or ofjudge- mcnt. The language of faets silenced mere words. All literary and scientific establishments, all charitable institutions have ceased to be maintained by the Governinent: the former have remained closed for many years, the latter are kept up only by prívate charity. The portrait of Rosas, re- ceived at the doors of the Temples by surpliced priests: has been a hundred times borne, amidst chaunts and incensé, to be plac- ed at the very side of the Tabernacle. The entry into the Temples, the communion of the church, has been denied to those who were classed as Unitarians ; their extermination has been preached from the pulpits, as an evangelical virtue, and a chris- tian obligation. General confiscations, and the sale, at the lowest price, of the confiscated property, have been published officially by the press. The ¡mínense fortunes with which men have suddenly appeared, who but the day before were poor and even without property of any kind, and the sudden indigenec of farnilies but a short while before opulent and respected for their conduct, publicly announce corruption and violent chan- gos of property. The heads of unarmed and wellknown citi- zens, have been paraded about, hung in carts, or have been exposed to the public gaze on the butehers' stalls ; nay more, official discussions have been carried on with a French Admiral, invested with a high diplomatic character, whether one of these heads, thus cut oíf, was French or Spanish. That of Zelarayan, brought from the plains of the South, has been exposed in Ro- sas' saloon, in presence of his family ; and Lucio Mancilla, his brother-in-law, invested with the rank of General, has insulted Mr. Mandeville, the Minister Plenipotentiary of England, by shewing him the saltcd ears of Colonel Borda, remitted by Ma- nuel Oribe, from Tucuman. The Representativos of civilized and christian Nation have witnessed all these faets ; they daré not deny them. These faets revealed, with frightful eloquence, a system of perversity and of crime, which no words could colour over. Those Agents have seen this system in all its deformity, they have fully comprehended its whole tendeney ; thoy have felt horror in their hearts, vs hen the idea may have cntered their heads that stich a system of government might, by possibility, be esta- blislied in their own countries. And they have kept silence notwithstanding, and have shewn observance and respect to the founder, to the sustain- to the bloody representative of the execrable system !! \.> T'nropean Press, not even that of free North America. nitted to the world a singlo denunciation of such - 3 - enormous crimes, resting upon the authority of an accredited agent. So far from this, the voices which some of them have raised have always been in favour of the man and of the system. Sir Woodbine Parish, the first who has been guilty , of this crime, misled the opinión and the feelings of his Governinent and of his Nation, by a book, the more dange- rous because the many falsehoods which it involve?, as much in what it suppiesses as in what it relates, make their appearance covered over with a style of moderation, and with a semblance of impartiality and candour. (I) Admiral Mackau, an eyewitness of the massacres of October 1840, did not scruple to defend obstinately, before the French Nation, the man who cast in his face, at the very moment he was negotiating with him, the head of Varangot; and John Henry Mandeville, the British Plenipotentiary, authori- zes, if he does not direct, the weekly publications of the British Pachet, a concern belonging to an Englishman, which, in the english language, outrages all his fellow countrimen, because they claimed, from the Commander in chief of the forces of their Queen, that protection which thf law of nations cannot give them, under the arbitrary rule of ring- leaders, who recognize no law; whilst he publishes, without remark and in form of approval, the already condemned circular of the lst April, in which Oribe sentcnces foreigners resident in Monte Video to confiscation and to death. This is what the forcign Agents have done on every occasion when they have raised their voice. Europe has to confess with shamc that, at the end of twcnty years, the poriod (2) during which it has maintained Consular and Diplomatic Agents in the New American States, it has de- » (I) "Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, by Sir Woodbine Parish, London, 1838." This book h is been received with some favour in England ; it does not deserve it. It rontairís not aJ'cw false statements in point of fact, and many false explanations of certain faets, It is, moreover, a partí/ production ; in which the anthor has taken care, with culpable solicitude, to pass over in silence the ñames of the persons ivho did all that he himself recognizes as good, noble, advanced and civilizing, whilst he every moment repeats witli high eulogies the ñame of Rosas and his deeds. VVe hope serne time or other to be oble to publish, for English reading, a detailed impvgnation of this book. At present we shall confine ourselves to the consi- deration of only some samples of it. (2) The first European Power that recognized the indepen- denceof these Neic States was England, which did so in 1823.- 4 - ríved no service, no real advantagc from thcse Agents. neither for the policy of its Cabinets, ñor for the encoura- gement of the industry or conimercc of the countries which maintain them. Without comprehending,—for they never took the troublc to study them,—the causes of the anarchy and disorders which they witnessed, they have laid down, as a primary principie, that it is impossible to govern these countries but by an iron despotism, which they have decorated with the nameofa Strong Government. First their blindness, and afterwards the compro- misos into which they fell, have urged them to support the em- pire of the despots, to give credit to the horrible system of " extraordinary powers" by procuring for it the sympathies of the European Governments ; and when the corrosive action of this irresponsible and brutal system has annihilated commerce, has caused riches to disappear, and has decimated the consu- ming population, then—even then—the Foreign Agents have deceived their Governments and their fellow countrymen with false explanations of these results, which were beginning to cali the attention, by injuring the interests, of the manufacturing centres of Europe. This assertion requires proofs. We will not waste our time by seeking these in what Admiral Mackau caused to be Sublished by his Aide-de-camp, Page, in the Revue des Deux Tondes, ñor in what he himself afterwards said in the Tribunal of the Peers, in order to justify the treaty which obtaincd for him a seat in that House: we shall take them, cspecially, from Sir Woodbine Parish's work. And we prefer this, not only bccause it is the most weighty and authoritative publication which has been issued hitherto, by Diplomatic Agents, upon the River Píate, but also because it is written by an Englishman and to be read in England, the commerce of which is the most cxtcnsivc and valuable that is carried on in this región. We take Sir W. Parish's own statements. According to him, the English (1) importations into the River Píate, ta- king their valué in pounds sfcrling, and estimating them in cach series of years at the yearly average, were on the follo- wing scale: From 1822 to 1825............ £ 909,330 yearly. " 1829 to 1837............ " 043,291 " Difference............ £ 266,039 per an. (I) Those of other countries were naturally in the same proportions. - 5 - Sir Woodbine Parish calis the four years of the first period, years of peace ; and they were, actually, those of the greatest prosperity of Buenos Ayres, those of its political, mercantile and even Iiterary splendour, under Governments which established the Representative System, which decreed religious toleration, which founded Banks and public schools, which Consolidated the general debt of the country and created public stocks for its payment. But Sir W. Parish gives no classification to the nine years which compose the second period; as if he were afraid to declare to the world that these years of falling off, and of retro- gradation, belongall of them to the Dictatorial and irresponsible Government of Rosas. The unquestionable result is, that during the years of the Dictatorship, the importations were almost one third less than in the years of the Government of order and civilization. But Sir W. Parish has taken particular care to conceal the origin of this differenee, and not to tell the English people what was the system of Government in Buenos Ayres,in each of the periods which he compares. And of what use to the manufacturers and producers of England was the knowledge of the faets, if they were left in ignorance of the causes which produced it ? ¡Sir W. Parish presents further another comparativo statement of the importations into our River, of cotton, linen, woollen and silk fabrics, in the following terms : From l822-to-25 From 1834-to-37 Yearly average Yearly average in yards. in yards. Cottons____10,811,762 18,151,764 Einens..... 996,467 1,176,941 Woollens... 139,037 100,183 Silks...... 10,612 15,047 The author calis attention to the almost doubling of the importation of cottons ; not knowing, or taking care to conceal, that this is a most eloquent proof of the impoverishment of Buenos Ayres; since it is an increase of importatiou of the fa- brics consumed principally by the poorer class; whilst the wool- lens and silks, which form the consumption of families in easy circumstances, diminished not a little in the years of the Dicta- torship of Rosas. This fact is still more remarkable, because in thelatrer of the two periods compared the population of Buenos Ayro- liad diminished immensely: in so much that the greater consumption of cottons by a diminished population shows clearly theretrogradation and povcrtyof the population which remained- 6 - The book of the English Diplomatist reveáis to us another truth, which saddens the inind and the heart; and perhaps for this reason he contents himself with exprcssing it also in the cold ianguage of arithmetical figures. We speak of the con- sumption of arms and munitions oftoar. In 1830, when Rosas liad but just risen to power, and had not yet developed his systern of extermination, the valué of the arms iniportcd from England was................ J58 £ sterling In 1831 ................... 443 " " 1832 .................... 315 " " " 1834........ it rose to ... 3,035 " " 1835 .......................0,388 " Thus, while, under the deadly systern of Rosas, the con- sumption which reveáis the riches and the civilized taste of nations was diminished, that of the instruments of dcstruc- tion and death which the protege of Sir Woodbine Parish sowed throughout the whole Republic, in order to decimate the population, received a prodigious augmentation. Not an obscrvation, not a single word has this fact of horrible eloquence, callcd forth from the author; and perhaps he would not even have mentioned it, had not aras and ammunition figured in a general statcmcnt of importations. Ñor let it be said that he could not descend in this book to such minutiae ; for the knowlcdge of that fact was somewhat more important to the English Government and Nation, as well as to humanity at largc, than the notice detailed, with great prolixity, by Sir W. Parish, of the industry displayed by the ants in order to eat the sugar and sweetmeats in his house, notwithstanding all the prccautions he could take. But the Diplomatic author now arrives at a point in regard to which he can be allowed no pardon, no excuse. He acknowledges that, while Monte Video was in the hands of the Portuguesc and Brazilians, its commerce was extremcly insignificant; (page 350) ; that this commerce increased rapidly after the independence of the Banda Oriental, and that 44 Monte Video has become a sort of entrepot for the " supply of the Argentine Provinces, as well as of a portion " of the neighbouring Brazilian population in the Rio Grande; 44 and to such an extent, that the importations of foreign 44 goods there wcre valued at no less than 3,000,000 in 1835 " and had reached 3,500,000 hard dollars in 1836 ; whilst ** the cxports wcre nearly equal in amount, and now consti- 44 tute an important proportion of the returns in the general " account of the trade with the River Píate." " The amount of the imports into the port of Buenos " Ayres has been diminished in proportion." Here we have presented in contrast the two markets of the River Píate ; here is a declaration, by a Public Agcnt of England, and in the irresistible Ianguage of Official Sta- tistics, of the great falling otf of the commerce of Buenos Ayres, from 1829, and the prodigious augmentation which that of Monte Video received during the same period. But Sir Woodbine Parish, obliged to explain this interesting phenomenon to the producers and manufacture™ of his country, gives them, as its only reason, the indepen- dence of the Banda Oriental, and the lowering of the import duties in Monte Video: a reason, not only bare and deficicnt, but falsc in its very essence, because the duties were as high in Monte Video as in Buenos Ayres. But not a word does he say upon the mode in which the two countries whose commerce he compares are governéd; he pases by in studied silence the fact that this decay of commerce begins at the same time with the irresponsible and bloody government of Rosas, continuing along with it; and the advance of Monte Video took its rise and keeps pace with the Constitutional, responsiblc, illimitably free and open sys- .tem, under which the country has been governéd, since its independence. This Sir W. Parish has passed over in silence; this, the only thing which it was his obligation to make knov/n to the English people and Government; in order that, know- ing the true cause which was acting tovvards closing the market of Buenos Ayres against the industry and the pro- ductions of Britain, it might apply the remedy, before the evil should arrive, as it has now arrived, at its height. Enough of examples.—What Sir W. Parish has done in his book has been done by the Foreign Agents in general, who, at different periods, have i esided in the River Píate. And for the same reason, their governments and their countries have lived in complete ignorance of what really is the diaboli- cal systern of this new personification, who has come to occupy, in the I9th ccntury, the foremost post among the tyrants, whose biographies compose the Martyrologics of Nations. The cries of his victims, the appeal which they have, at difierent times, made to civilized and christian Powers, have wanted authority and have been taken for the lying expression of party hatred, because they were at variance with such authorities as the book writtenby Sir W.Parish; oratleast with, the approving silence of Foreign Agents. This is a most bitter truth, one that has been felt, and felt most palpably, by all who have spoken of the enor- mities of Rosas beyond the theatre in which he is committing- 8 - thcm. They have always been met with the argument that no Foreign Agent would resido near such a Government, ñor would fail to denounce such shocking barbarities. And, in truth, they never have denounced them.— They have seen the facts, they have comprehended well the system, they have condemned it with horror; but, intimidated or fascinated at the sight of the man who filled them with horror, not one can be named who has dared, hitherto, to proclaim aloud in the prcsence of the criminal, a truth which all felt, which it was of much interest to the world should be known, and which they were bound to rcveal, in their loudest and most energetic tones. líoth their honour and the duties of their stations madc such a course obligatory upon them. Causes easy to be comprehended render the South Ame- rican States peculiarly adapted to receive the inñux of Euro- pean industry and capital, and to become, like those of North -America, people and enriched by Europcan immigration; whilst they are already most extensive markets for giving an outlet to the productions of ultramarine industry, and to furnish to foreign manufactories the raw materials which they consume. Henee the ¡mínense difFerence, in their nature, between the po- litical and diplomatic relations of the European States with each other, and those of the same States with what was lately Spanish America. Immigration and commerce form the fun- damental bases of the latter, ñor can there be any discussion with us of those questions regarding balance of power, political influence, commercial or manufacturing competition, and rivalry in colonial produets, which form the subjeets of the former. But immigration and commerce naturally bring in their train the accuniulation of large numbers of persons and valúes of capitals, belonging to foreign countries, the preservation and advancement of which demand, as a primary and necessary con- dition, public peace, inviolable security to persons and property, and a rational liberty to labour and commerce. Europe has a right to demand these conditions from the American Govern- ments, but it is also her duty to protect amongst these new Sta- tes, by the weight of her civilizing influence, the Governments which shew themselves to be interested in promoting the civili- zation and improvement of these countries. This, and not threatenings or forcé ill applied, is the only just, moral and cer- tainly efficacious means, of protecting the population which they send to America. And, newertheles, the very revers is what has been done hitherto. The European Governments haveexacted from those of our American States that they shall observe, towards foreig- ners, the conditions of peace and respect for property and per- - í) - son ; whilst, at the same time, they have maintained with all their influence and power Governments whose system is habi- tual warfare, the breach by the armed hand of all recognizcd rights and of every principie of civilization, the unbridled will of an individual, instead of the established authority of the law; and which proclaim, as the American system? hatred to foreig- ners, an.d the pretensión to bring them under the same discre- tional rule to which they subject their native inhabitants. (I) And whom shall we blame for such monstrous aberrations in the Policy and in the conduct of the European Cabinets ? Whom, but their representatives in these remote countries ? Is it to be believed that Rosas and his system would have obtained, for so long a time, the support, the respect, even t/ie toleration, of the first Governments of Europe, if the voice of their Agents in Buenos Ayres had confirmed officially the horrible truths, which all, but they, proclaimed ? Can it be credited that Governments whose subjeets flock in numbers to these regions, whose commerce demands an incessant consumption and rich (1) This trick of the American system has found av.ceptation M nopoint of Americi, except in the Empire of Brazil. Yet, that country is prccisely the one where it ovght to have found it least ; hecause, of all the American States, Brazil is the only one which has connections with Europe founded in family relalionship and political system ; and it is the one which possesses, the most firmly established, constitutional andfree governmcnt, founded upon the principie of legal order; a principie the most diametrically opposed to that of the extraordinary powers without which Rosas declared officially that he could not govern. A thousand times it has been askcd tn Brazil,—by the press and in the Tribune,—what is this American system lohich liosas proclaims ? Of what does it amsist ? What are the elements that constitute it 1 To what object is it directed t No one has ever answered a single one of these (jueslions ; all repeat the words, without perceiving that they have no meaning ; that it is a current lie. The American system of liosas is declared in the orations of his deputies, made when they ivere oceupied with the A nglo-French Mediation ;—Hatred of the European solely because he is not an American ; the instinct of the savuge to hunt d&wn the civilized man. And Brazil commits a greater mistahe than ani/ other power in extending its sympathics to Rosas. Interests of the moment,— even these but ill understood—blind it to the future, cause it to disacknowledge engagements which it stipulated to perform, and makc it. sepárate itself from its natural allies. But short will be his Ufe who does not Uve to see the Empire aivakened from its i Ilusión. 2- 10 - markets, would have tolerated in silence a systcni which closcs against them one of their most advantageous markets, if their Agentshad told them, " Proscription andthe scaftold (1) have " decimated what was formerly the consuming population in " Buenos Ayrcs; confiscations bave impoverished that part of " it which has not emigrated : the mad expences of an unjus- " tifiable civil war, and of two foreign wars, intentionally pro- " voked by Rosas, have annihilated the valué of the circulating " médium; the intemal debt, which in 1827 did not amount to " I3£ millions dollars, had risen, ten years afterwards, to very " nearly 36 millions : (2) war occupies all the hands which " formerly prepared, collected, conveyed, and delivered to the " European the produce of the country; the foreigner lives as " much without the protcction of his standing as the native, for " no law can give protection where the will of him who governs " is officially declared to be the only law : this system."—(pay attention, for this point is worthy of it)—"has now lasted fourteen «• years!; every day it is proclaimcd that now its fruits of peace " and order are about to be reaped; and every day its termina- " tion is further and further oíT, because each fresh act of vio- " lenco, each confiscation, each butchery, augments the hatrcd '• against it, and the thirst for vengeance. Put an end to this li system, you who have the power to do so!!" Oh ! it is beyond a doubt. The European Cabinets would long ago have stopped this unbridled torrent of barbarism, if their representatives had spoken to them in such language as this ! We have a clear proof of this truth, in the determination, lately and tardily adopted by England and France, to make a point of torminating this war of cxtermination and shame. The enormitics of the system have attained to such an excess that they oannot now be concealed in any part of the civilized world; individual interests, mortally wounded, have found an echo in all the markets, in all the producing and manufacturing centres, and the Cabinets have seen, at last, that that which their Agents represe nted to them as the lies of party hatred, is truth. For this reason they at length decided to put an end to this strife. And what was, even then, the conduct of the Agents who in Buenos Ayres represent those two Cabinets ? In order to (1) / bg to corred the author. Rosas cloes not stand ujton the ccremom/ of a scaffold.— Translator's note. (2) Sce Sir W. Parishpp. 384 a 380. The ¡rublicfunds which represent the Consolidated internal debt, amounted to 13,300,000 dolíai s in Scptc/nber 1827 ; and at the beginning of 1837 they 'i mounted to 35.1»l7,l0ü dollars. In crease in ten years: 22,557,100 dollars. - 11 - judge of it, let us but regard their own-official deeds ; it is these that speak; they daré not tell us that wc are departing from the truth. They offer to Rosas the conjoint mediation of the two first Powers of Europe. He had a right to decline acceptance of it; and he might have done so without oftence, with decen- cy and decorum. But that would have been to imítate civilized govcrnments ; it was necessary not to belie the barbarism of his system, and Rosas rejected Ihe mediation by means of the note of the 18th October 1842 ; tke only document in the an- nals of diplomacy conceived in that style of indecent phrensy in which Rosas speaks to the coriphei of his Mar-horca club ; a document, in which one of the Govcrnments to which the mediation is offered, and which the mediators recognize as constitutional, legal and friendly, is treated by the other with all the abuse and filthy epithets which compose the dictionary of the rabble of Buenos Ayres; a document, which any diplo- inatist, out of self respect, toa* bound to reject as a gross insult: and which, nevertheless, was admitted without any óbservation, and afterwards officially published by Rosas, as a monument of his most insolent eíl'rontery, and of the most humble endurance on the part of the Diplomatists who admitted it. This insult was too little; Rosas chose that his repulsión of the mediation should be accompanied also with contempt and menace , this was still more in conformity with his system. He passed his correspondence with the mediators to the as- semblage of abandoned men whom he calis Representatives of the Province, who, as a thing of course approved, his conduct and decreed him a vote of thanks. Whilst these Representatives were vomitting forth abuse_ and menace against foreigners, in orations which Rosas took care to publish officially, the populace of Buenos Ayres, headed by the Pólice, and with tlte núlitary music of the troops of the Une, paraded the streets of Buenos Ayres, uttering cries of " Death to foreigners, and to the friends of Rivera, " threatcnnig the former, and passing intentionally by the doors of the Mediating Ministers. (1) That it was Rosas who ordered and directed these insults, these threats—the common formula of Governments of Térro, rism and Crime—was a fact evident to all men; nay the Mediat. (1) All these faets are proved by the notes of Messrs Man- deville and Dc-Lurde, of the \8th November 1842, published of- ficially in the Gaceta Mercantil of \bth December. In it are to be found also all the documents belonging to this disgraceful ne» gotiation.- iy - ing Plenipotentiaries themselves acknowledged and declarcd that they considercd this to be the case. Mr. Mandevillc, in thecomplaint which he made in his note of the 18th Novemlu r. said, that the assemblies of people which perpetrated these acts, went accompanied by civil and militar y employés; that, " ifthese " acts had proceeded only from tke populace of the city, he " would not have troubled the Government about the matter ; " but they toere permitted in (he presence of servants of the Go- " vemmenl, whose duty is to restrain and repress these popular " demonstrations of ferocious vengeance against innocent foreign- " ers. " The same ideas in other words were expressed by the Cotint De-Lurde in his note of the sanie date. It was not less notorious that these threafs and insolence were directed especially against the Mediating Ministers. This was clear from the fact that the Pólice directed the populace to pass by the Houses of the Ecgations ; and this the Ministers themselves ackhowledged. Mr. Mandeville said in his note: '• There were vociferated cries of death to foreigners and to the " friends of Rivera, in which class the Mediating Powers, as " friends to both Parties, musí be inclndtd.n It was therefore clear to demonstraron, recognized of- ficially, that the spontaneous kindness, always honourable and human, with which England and France had oftered their mediation to stem the torrent of blood which is suifocating these miserable nations, was received by Rosas as an act oí* hostility, and ansvvered by gross insults and haughty thrcats, against the ministers charged with this mediation and the sub- jeets of the nations which ofiered it. What more eloquent rcvelation could we seek for, of what the system of Rosas is ? What more justifying circumstance for putting a restraint upon this insolent ringleader, and teaching him how he must trcat with civilized men and nations ? But no; the English and French Agents contented themselves with laying a petition at the feet of the minister of Rosas, praying that these unworthy scenes should not be rep- eated; and even in this they were careful to express their confidence in the high position and integrity of Rosas and in the frank and bcnevolcnt eaplanations which thcy had received from him on other occasions. In Monte Video, where the liberty of the pon is a constitutional truth, one of these same Agents had formerly complained of articles published in the "National*' against French policy, and the Government had the culpable complaisance to withdraw from the newspaper its protection and support, by a public decree. In Buenos Ayres, where no one dares to make a single movement without the permission of the Dictator, civil and military employés head the dregs of tho populace. and march out for the purpose of insulting and threat- -13- ening, at the very doors of their houses, the Plenipotentiaries of France and England, and not a single remonstrance against these employés, not a single request that their crime should be chastised, not a dernandof satisfaction, even verbal, appears to have been made by these bigh personages, the custodiéis in the River Píate, of the honour of two great nations ! More than this; they q$?cea//yacknowledge thatthe insults to the friends of Rivera were insults to themselves, who, as Mediators, were friends of that magistratc ; and they receive, notwithstanding, the indecent note of the 18th of October, in which Rivera and his friends are spoken of,by Rosas, in language suitable only for the brawls of an ale-house !! Shortly after carne the disastrous battle of the Arroyo Grande ; the risk which Monte Video ran was evident; the official duty of the two Agents was stronger than their synipa- thics,(l) and they passed the famous note of the KHh of Decem- i ber, announcing to Rosas that the French and English Govern- ments wished the war to be terminated, and demanding from him an immediate cessation of hostilities, and that his troops should not go beyond their own territory. To both requisitions Rosas answered, by passing the Uruguay, and attacking Monte Video. The authors of that note kept silence, and far from opposing since then, the slightest obstacle to the operations of the Dictator, they took care, very particularly, if not openly, not to thwart thenVin the least, under the pretext of a neutrality impracticable, indecorous and manifestly contrary to the inti- mation of the 16th of December. It was in these circumstances that therc appeared in the River Píate the only Public Agent, who has, up to this time, presented an honourable exception to the conduct which we censure in the others. Commodore Purvis, without any cali from Mr. Mandeville,—for the latter did not even give him of- > ficial notice of his note of the 16th of December, which might have rendered necessary the employment of forcé,—understood that in the River Píate there were British interests to protect, British honour to maintain, demands of civilization and of hu- manity to fulfil, and bent his course spontaneously from Rio de Janeiro to Monte Video. Commodore Purvis was completely a'stranger to the quarrel, and to all the cvents of the River Píate/ Residing habi- (I) We ivould not willingly fail in Christian charity even toiuards Mr. Mandeville. AU the circumstances of the case, hoityever, go to indícate that lie acted, on this occasion, only in obe- dience to r.rpress orders, which he durst not disobey. Translator's note.- Í4 - tually in Rio Janeiro, where it is at prescnt the fashion to praisc Rosas, if it may be supposed that he was at all biassed, it must liave been in favour of the Government which he heard eulogiz- ed. But he arrives at Monte Video, he sees things himself, he examines them with cool impartiality, and his reason, his con- science, his feelings and his honour,—all unite to eondemn the system of a tyrant who, in his judgement, threatens to annihilatc for ever, in this vastand exceedingly.rich Región of the River Píate, all the elernents of order, of tranquillity and of riches, sufficient to attract to it foreigners from all parts of the world. With no other guide but the truth, an upright judgment and a sound heart, Commodore Purvis easily comprehended the tcndency of the system of Rosas, he comprehended the motive and the object. for which the Government of his Queen resolved to put an end to this strife; but he did not comprehend, and we believe he never will comprehend, the Diplomado Logic of the authors of the note of the 16th of December, who, after having declared in it that England and France had resolved not to be neutral, pretend that they must observe a strict neutrality. In the view of such a manifest contradiction, Commo- dore Purvis took the common sense plan of ruling his conduct by the oficial Notes rather than by the prívate hints of the Minis- ter of the Queen in Buenos Ayres. The latter merely expres- sed the ideas of the individual, whilst the former manifested the resolutions of the British Government. Taking as his starting point the oficial note of the lGfh of December, Commodore Purvis announced on the I7th Fe- bruary to General Brown, Commander of the flotilla of Buenos Ayres, that, as a British subject, he must abstain from taking part in this war, because his doing so was contrary to an act of British Parliament. This step was nothing more than a natural consequence of the official Note of the I6th December ; nevertheless, if we are at liberty to found a belief upon data of much weight, the Minister ofthe Queen in Buenos Ayres looked upon that step with indignation and offence ; and the " British Packet," the organ and defender of the Minister, as well as the " Gaceta Mercantil, " censured it in unmeasured and most bitter terms. All the arguments, however, by which the English ]>eriodical of Rosas attemps to prove that the Commodore made a wrong application of the act of Parliament, and gave it a rctroactive effect, fall to the ground upon a simple reading of the firstwords ofthe British Commander's note to Brown, and upon the application of a single reflection tothem. The Minister of the Queen,—her only accredited Agent in Buenos Ayres,— liad just declared oflicially that the will of his Sovereign was that the war shouíd ceasc and that Rosas should commit no -15- further hostilities. The Commodore immediately said,—Sincc such is the manifested will and interest of the Queen, every English subject who takes part in this war, acts contrary to the will and the interest of his Sovereign,—and he intimated to Brown, an English subject, that he should not take a part in it, mentioning, expressly and clcarly, that the motive of his prohi- bition was the declaration of the Queen through Her Minister. This was the tenor, this was the only meaning of the Commo- dore's note, and in order to deny its correct application of the English law, it is necessary to deny the existence ofthe declara- tion of the will of the Queen, made on the I6th December ; and this, unhappily for the " British Packet " and its patrons, cannot be denied. Neither Guise, ñor Cochrane, ñor any of the English Na- val Commanders, mentioned in the periodical of Rosas, ñor Ge- neral Brown himself, ever were in the situation in which the latter now is ; none of them ever served against the interests of the British Government, ojjícially manifested: to none of them, consequently, had the actof Parliament any application. And we would here ask—not of the "British Pa- cket" because its editor has abdicated in favour of Rosas his faculty of thinking and answering—we would ask of General Brown himself: If tomorrow orders should arrive from England for carrying into effect its armed intervention in the question of the River Píate ; and open hostilities should break out between the Argentine and English flags, would General Brown serve under the former against the latter ? If—what, frankly speaking, to the honor of the oíd sailor, we do not be- lieve—if he should so serve, would not any English Commander in Chief be justifled in treating him asa pirate ? We do not doubt that Brown himself would answer us, that he would ne- ver serve against the country of his birth, and that he would become liable to the almost penalties, if he did so.—The "Gace- ta" itself acknowledges the same by implication. Well then ; hostilities haré not broken out and therefore Commodore Purvis has not proceed to acts against General Brown ; but the will and the interest of English Government, that this war should termínate, are declared, and therefore the Commodore has notified Brown ofthe provisions of the English law, in order that he may not serve against the desires and interests of his Sovereign. If there be an error in this step of the Commodore—for nothing more can possibly be irnputed to him—the basis of the error is the official note of the IOtli of December. The Commodore also declared, as the "British Packet" and the "Gaceta Mercantil" affirm, that he would not permit hostilities from the squadron of Brown against the city of Mon-tovideo, because the latter contains an ¡mínense amount of English property, and many English subjccts, to whom he owes protection, and these would sufi'er considerably from those hos- tilities, and both periodicals style this a breach of neutrality. In the first place, a month before Commodbre Purvis arrived in the River Píate that intimation had been made to Brown by the Frcnch and English Cornmandcrs on the station, by order of the Ministers in Buenos Ayres. The whole population of Mon- tevideo remembers well that, when the notice of the intimation of the I6th of December arrived here, that prohibition was made known to Brown, and he answered that for the present he did n«>t come to commit hostilities against the town. It was not, therefore, Commodore Purvis who first established that prohi- bition. It existed when he arrived, and it existed only as a consequence of the oficial note of the \Qth of December ; why then view it now as anovelty introduced by the British Naval Commander ? Is this acting with good faith ? In the second place, the flotilla of Buenos Ayres is com- manded by an Englishman ; many of the captains of the vessels are Englishmen ; Englishmen form the greater part of its eftective crews, and therefore, on this ground alone, the Com- mander of the English torces was under the obligation, towards his own Government, of preventing a flotilla composed of such mate riáis from coinmitting hostilities which would deeply endanger English lives and properties. In the third place,those who bring this chargc of violation of neutrality forget that the Ministcr of England had officiaf/i/ declared on the ICth of December, that his government did not mean to remain neutral ; that it was detcrmined to put an and to the strife, and that it demanded the immediate cessátion of hostilities. This Oficial note was the only legitímate and secure basis for the conduct of the Commodore ; and in conformity wiht ¡t, it is evident that he did not break a neutrality which the Minister had declared his Government did not mean to observe: and that he hindered one part of the hostilities which the Minister demanded should cease. This conduct, in the eyes of evcry really impartial man, is in conformity with truth and with the logic of rectitude and of a sound judgement, although it may not be accordant with the artificial logic of Diplomatists. The repulse of the partial blockade attempted by llosas, is another of the acts which the partizans of the Dictator cen- sure in the Commodore, and one of the most justifiable of that Commander. Wc pass over at present—because we are not thoroughly acquainted with them—theother reasonsupon which he founded his opposition to that useless hostility ; and we fix our attention againupon that primary one of all. which admits of no tergiversation; on the official note of the IOth December. -17 - \Vhat! was the Commander in Chief of the English forces, after seeing that official intimation, to consent that a squadron oíficered and manned, for the most party, by Englishmen, should cut offthe provisions from a place, where hundreds of English- men have their residence and their business ? And could he consent to it, when it was an evident fact that such hostility, limited to the prohibition oifresh provisions, did not in the least weaken the military forcé of a place abundantly supplied with every other kind of provisions ? We cannot quit tíiis subject of the blockade, without bringing to judgment, before the opinión of all who may read this pamphlet, the conduct of the English and Frcnch Ministers in Buenos Ayres; and we trust that thcy will be condemned with more reason than the British Commodore. Rosas had prohibited on the 9th of March the introduc- tion of fresh provisions into Monte Video, and committed the fulfilment of this order to the Commander of his naval forces. The English and French Plenipotentiaries then presented a memorándum to Rosas, proposing to him that that prohibition should not be applied to merchant vessels coming from beyond seas, " on condition that the Consuls and Commanders on the " Station in Monte Video should employ all the means that might be in their power to hinder the merchant vessels of " their respective nations fromoccupyingthemselves inthecoast- " ing trafile of bringing provisions and arms to this place. " This extraordinary novelty, hitherto unknown in the Law of Nations, would not be credited, were it not to be seen set down in the official note of the Minister of Rosas to the Commander in Chief of his naval forces, under date of the 29th of March, in which he expressly quotes the memorándum of the Plenipotentiaries. These Gentlemen, who preach up a strict neutrality, propose to Rosas that his blockade, or prohibition of provisions, shall not be eífected by the Squadron of Buenos Ayres, which is expressly forbidden to hinder the entrance of the merchant vessels who might bring provisions; but by the neutral Consuls and Commanders on the Station, to whom is entrusted the care of preventing, by all the means in their power, the introduction, in the vessels of their respective countries, of the articles prohibited by Rosas ! ! The Plenipotentiaries of England and France have in- vented this ncw system of blockade, expressly in, favour of Ro- sas, who¡insults them with scorn, and who rejeets with contempt the demands of their Governments. They freo the Buenos- Ayrean squadron from the trouble and care of stopping pro- visions, they take from the Government of Monte Video the means of protecting the expeditions destined to break the bloc--18- kade ; becausc, if the trade in provisions is put a stop to by the ncutrals, it is clear that the Government could not use against these the hostile measures which it would against the forces of Rosas, in orderto protect those who might endeavour to escape their vigilance. Such was the conduct of the Minis- ters who signed the note of the 16th of December, of those who proclaim neutrality. The memorándum is founded on the desire of avoiding to neutrals the ineonveniences of a visit from a blockader. But if the blockade were legal, the neutrals ought to submit to all its inconvenience; if it were not, the Plenipotentiaries were obliged to reject in entirely. But to recognize the blockade, and to procure its being enforced by neutrals, under pretence of avoiding its ineonveniences to them, was an act of hostility on the part of the Ministers, against the Government of Monte Video, a thousand times more unjustifiable than that which it is alleged has been committed against Rosas by Commodore Pur- vis, in not allowing the hostile measure to be carried into cfFect. Rosas is incapable of telling the truth, neither when he speaks ñor when he is silent; it is the basis of his system. Thus the "Gaceta" and the "British Packet," which have filled so many columns with censure of the acts of Commodore Pur- tís, have taken especial care not to mention, for any thing at all, the note of the Minister Mandeville, of the 16th December. That official document is the starting point, the basis of the defence, the justification of the conduct of the British Com- mander: to consider this conduct independently of that note, is to aecuse the effect and to conceal the cause; it is to proceed with fdlsehood ; to endeavour to deceive, not to convince. But these two journalists, and Rosas, whose submissive organs they are, deceive themselves most miserably, when they conceive all the world to be so blind as not to observe the cheat. It may be that Mr. Mandeville is now sorry for having cstablished in this question the very important precedent of the IGth December; but he did estabiish it, referring cxpressly to the orders of his Government: so let him adopt its natural consequences, and take the responsibility which belongs to him alone. But the conduct of Commodore Purvis very soon appeared justified by a fact which certainly will not be without its results, and in which the civilized Govcrnments of the whole world will have a new proof of that ferocious system, which there still are some who have the impudence to defend publicly. Wc speak of the Circular of the lst. of /Ypril. which we shall now consider only in relation to the Public Agents and to the British Commodore. Oribe, elatming with puerile silliness the title of Legal Presidcnt <>f this Repuhlic. declares to these functionaries that he will - 19 - «ot recognize the character of forcigner in those subjeets of other nations who may have used their influence in favour of the Montevidean Government, or taken part with it; and announces to them, in that ribald language of blood which characterizes the documents of Rosas, that he will treat those foreigners as enennes in their persons and in their properties. The consonance of this ferocious threat with the exterminating conduct of the forces which Oribe com- mands, the tone of the document, the indefinito nature of the crime which it threatens to punish, the arbitrariness of the classification of the supposed delinquents, and the horrible penalty attached to them, raised against the abominable document the unanimous deprecation of all classes of the population of Montevideo. He who denies this, knowingly denies an acknowledged truth. The very friends of Oribe set down the circular as a piece of stupid imprudence, and the Minister Mr. Mandeville called it an " unwarrantable document." This imposed some duty upon the Public Agents to whom it was directed. We do not pretend to say that all of them were bound to regard it (as every where beyond this confined sphere, it will be regarded) as the delirious raving of the sanguinary fever of a tyrant: but we do pretend that it was a duty incumbent upon Public Agents, who by the fact of their being accredited to the Government of Montevideo, recognize its legitimacy, and whose Sovereigns have cele- brated treaties with it, not to consent, in silence, to receive from a private individual a communication ofncially de- nouncing this same Government, ncar which they reside, as infamous, rebel, and savage. They were called upon, as the least they could do, to manifest in some public manner, that they did not acquiesce in such a proceeding; for, from the moment the Government became aware that such a communication, frorn its eneinij, had been received by the Agents who reside near it, it had a right to be informed as to how they regarded it. Amongst these the French Cónsul had a special duty ; because Oribe addressed him, claiming a character which the French Government had oMcially declared, through the organ of the Count De Lurde, that it could not recognize in Oribe. But neither the French Cónsul, ñor any other foreign Agent, with the exception of the English, opposed the slightest obstacle to the Circular; all were dumb before the frantic menace ; all tacitly sanctioned the unprecedented pretensión. Only the Acting Cónsul General of Great Britain, and the Commodore who commands its forces in this River, felt all the injustice, all the violcnce of the outrage, all the crime- 20 - against humanity, which the circular involvcs; thcy alone com- prehcnded that the honour of their posts, the security of their fellow countrymen, the explicit declaration of their own Government, and the reepect due to that of the Itepublic, all concurred to impone upon them the duty of branding with the stamp of their indignant reprobation that act of presumption and of blood; and of exacting positively its public rctraction. They did so; and it has been herc, and will be f till more throughout all the civilizcd world, a mark of honour for thesc two functionaries, worthy to represent a freo people. The con- duct of Commodore Purvis, on the occasion of th 5 circular of Oribe, is the point which more directly conneets him with the principal object of this little work; because it forms a contrast, unique, and most honourable, with that which, for twelve years back, has been observed by the foreign Agents in regard to the system of Rosas. The British Sailor, called upon to oppose the daring pretensión contained in the circular, is the first who openly, in the presence of llosas, ofhis Lieutenant and of his forecs, has officially and under his signature, qualified the system of that tyrant as the interest of the human species demands that it should be qualified. He is the first who has had the firmness to declare before the world a truth which all the other Public Agents have felt the same as he, but which none had dared solemly to declare. Yes; no man of honour but must fecl that the violence displayed in the circular of Oribe, the crvelty of the threat which it contains, and the language in which it is couched, "would disgracc cven the petty States of Barbary:" none can be ignorant that, the extreme penalties which it fulminatos, and the undefinable naturc of the oft'ence to which it applies them, "are unfounded on any principie of jnstice, or rights of a lawful "belligcrent;" and all feel that that rage for confiscation and murder is "corroborative of the spirit of atrocity and cruelty in "which this war has been carried on, and which has drawn "upon it the reproaches of the whole world." All are aware of it, they feel it; but all have abandoned to Commodore Purvis alone the energy and the honour of declaring this truth; and Commodore Purvis has accepted with pride the high position which all have ceded to him. The parasites of Rosas have felt the death blow which this lofty declaration of the truth gives to their system of false- hood anderime, and they have burst out against it in the "Ga- ceta" and the "British Packet." They pretcnd that Commodore Purvis was not com- petent to judge of the character which Oribe attributes to himself of Legal President: and this charge proves nothing but -21 - the want of discretion andgood faith in the advócales of Rosas. The Minister of the Quecn in Buenos Ayres had expessly declared to the Dictator that England did not recognize the pretensión of Oribe to the Govcrnorship of the Republic; that same Minister hadjust celebrated a treaty with the Oriental Governmeut, which was ratified by General Rivera in person, in his character of President of the Republic; and after thesc acts, how is it possible to deny to Commodore Purvis the right of rejecting in Oribe a character which his Sovereign rejeets in him? Or could he recognize two Presidents of the Republic? Above all, that Oribe is a Pretender supported by the arms of foreigners, is not an opinión; it is a fací; and no one is incompetent to judge of faets. The writers of Rosas add that the Commodore, with a liltle reflectitm, would have abstainod from casting in Oribe's face the atrocity with which he carries on the war, because the events on the other side of the Indus are still recent, and will serve to return his argument. The Englishmen here, as well as in their own country, and the Government of England, will know how toappreciate the cha- racter of an Englishman who can print such an argument in the English language; the task, fortunately, does not bdong to us: but it is our part to remark, that the argument of the "British Packet" amounts to a positivo confession of the atro- cities of which Rosas and his subalterns are aecused, and that the crimes which nnght have been committed in the Afgh.mistan will never excuse the crimes which are committed herc, ñor seal up the lips of a m:in of honour from denouncing them. As for the rest, let the "Gaceta" and the "British Packet" save themselves the troublc of defending the horrible system of their Patrón ; wc have here Oribe, at the gates of Monte Vi- deo, charged to give the lie by his actions to all who may en- deavourto defend him with words. It is scarce a fortnight yet since his troops took eight prisoners, belonging to the Corps of Freneh volunteers, who were beheaded in the act, their but- chers carrying oíf the hcads: and this very w eek the same scene was acted over again with other prisoners. This takes place under the eyes of thousands of foreigners dwelling in Monte- Video who seo the mutilated trunks of the prisoners that Oribe takes: what argument of the "Gaceta" or of the "British Pa- cket" will prove that this is a lie ? The "Gaceta," in order to condemn Commodore Purvis, has written an immense article, the undigested and ridiculous production of some of those moth eaten men of letters, whose whole science is confined to turning over volumes, without reading more than the paragraphs which they pilfer. We have, heaped up in it even to nausea, the doctrines which every novi- ce knows, in order to prove what is neutrality and what the- 22 - rlghts of belligerents according to the Law of Nations. We shall not do such a silly thing as to answer it; but we will sub- mit to the judgemnt of men of sense a general observation, which comes apropos to our subject. Rosas invokes to his support the principies of the Law of Nations ; he wishes neutral Nations to allow him the full liberty of action which belongs to a belligerent, whiJst he recognizes no principie, and admits no right, as a restraint upon his conduct. He destroys the countries in which he makes war, he cuts the throats of the prisoners that ho takes, cvcn those to whom he promises life in formal capitulationsj and he proclaims in all his documents, the extermination of his enemies. We would here ask ; can the belligerent who acts in this maner, who places himself beyond the palé of the Laws of Nations, can he invoke in his favour the rules and principies which give support only to those who in their turn observe them ? No, never ! . and now that public writers have been quoted, we will observe in our turn, that all who bear this ñame raise their voice energetically against those tyrants,—scourges of humanity— who govern as Rosas governs; that all declare them beyond the protection of the right of Nations, and all authorize the extermination, by any means, of such enemies of the human race. This is the position in which Rosas stands with rés- ped to the Law of Nations; and he and his accomplices, before invoking in their favour the principies of that uni- versal law, must prove that they are not guilty of the enor- mous crimes which deprive them of its protection. To return to the Circular of Or be. The British Commodore, obliged to protect against it the subjects of his nation, who claimed protection from him, demanded perem- ptorily that it should be withdrawn, and that he should gua- rantee English life and property. Oribe is a disciple of Rosas; he is a follower of his system; he is haughty and ferocious only against the weak, he sheds the blood only of those who do not defend themselves; but, when he encoun- ters energy and firmness, he humbly bows his head and puts on the appearance of yielding, until he has it in his power to take his revenge. He submissively withdrew his circular, and promised to treat British persons and property according to the law of Nations. We do not known in what light Commodore Purvis has looked upon this last answer of Oribe; but the "British Packet" and especially the "Gaceta" of Buenos Ayres, have taken upon themselves the task of shewing that Rosas, upon whom Oribe depcnds, far from holding the circular as withdrawn, maintains that the British — eak at present merely to the fact. Oribe has not taken the city of Monte Video because he could not and cannot take it ; because he has too few means for carrying through the enterprise, and too much cowardice to attempt it. Before Commodore Purvis arrived in the River Píate, the tren- ches were dug and the wall raised which engirdle Monte Vi- deo ; there were mounted on it many of the guns which now defend it, and the day that Oribe appearcd on the Cerrito, there were drawn up on that linc of fortifications six thousand infanlry. From that day to this, Oribe has never made the slightest attempt upon t/ic city: we defy any one to say when he has made so much as a demonstration, even to reconnoitre, not to speak of attacking our line. If he has not done even this. how do they presume to affirm that he has not taken the town because of Commodore Purvis? Or what casistance has this Commander given to those who defend it? líe is of too frank and open acharacter to have given it secretly; had he seen proper to give it, he would have done so in the light of day and with the same frank energy, with which he stamped his brand upon the black Circular of Oribe. It is that General who, by his cowardice and incapacity, has allowed the place to be fortified; it is his want of skill and resolution which have given time to General Rivera to organize before his eyes, forces of cavalry superior to his own, and which hold bim now closely hemmed in ; it is these which have given opportunity for the display, within the town, of that prodigious activity which has raised fortifi- cations for the occasion, formed corps of troops of the line. and organised a numerous militia; which has mounted and pla- ced in battery more than one hundred and twenty pieces of artillery. taken from among the posts in the streets; that acti- vo - vity, in short, which has astounded Oribe, disconcerted Rosas, and broken the power of both. Commodore Purvis has had nothing to do with all this. It is f rué—and we acknowlcdge it with the highest pleasure,— it is true that the measures which he has taken in consequence ofMr. Mandeville's note of the I6th December and in defence of his fellow-countrymen, have operated considerably in favour of the Government ;just as Rosas has derived mal erial sup- port from ihe memorándums of Mr. Mandeville, from his conduct since tliat intimation, from his neglcct of the petitions of his fellow-countrymen, and from his incomprehensible disagreement with Commodore Purvis. But the favourable influence of those measures was neither calculated ñor inten- ded as an undue breach of neutrality;it was an accidental and inevitable consequence of these measures (1). Nay more,— many of them can be imputed to no one but Manuel Oribe himself. What provoked the proceedings of Commodore Purvis on the occasion of the circular of the lst of April? What, but that monstrous document, unwarrantable, even in the opinión of Mr. Mandeville. We must bring to a cióse this little work, alrendy much longer thaD, when we begar» it, we had any idea of. We hsve denouneed in it—with the truth which our conscience dictates to us—the conduct of the Foreign Agents with respeetto Rosas Bnd his system. As we have rested all we have said upon faets and official documents, w« hope that it wiH produce, wbe- rever it may be read, tho efiVct which is always produted by the truth, even upon those who must suffer from it. This effect, a* soghbourhood of the town and out in the counlry. If it iras the parí of II. Al.'s .leting Cónsul General to malee the reclamatwns, it bclonged of course to the Commodore lo enforce them, and there would hive been nothing unfair in his duing so on the i/islant.— Translatofs Nofr.«•hristian Governments ; to Mntf agninst him a lcague of uni- versal opinión, which sball brand him as a declarcd enemy of Gi d and tho human racp, which shall mnrk him out as a tyrannical usorper of power whirh is not h¡«, and deprime him of the consideratinn8 and the treatment of which only thoss men a»d those Governments are worthy who respect the universal Jaw; a league of civilizntinn and of humanity which shall rcs- cue the miserable Capital of Buenos Ayre^ and the dpsolated Argentina tovvns, from the bloo pulitical principie, he does not even take the ti oub!e to mislead people so far as to make them bflieve thit he represents one ; his now worn out standard of Federation de- ceives none. We who oppose him are not a party; as little are the rabble bordes who support him ; we stmgglti cgainst him as we would against b universal calamity. We are certain— certain from the con viction of mature reflection—lh»t we shall conquer the soldiery with whirh Rosas has invaded us ; but were the victury already won, and peace re-establisbed be- tween the two Governments', we would stül speak as we speak now. For it is not the presen! oggression which we oombat ; it is the system, it is the wickedness, ihe falsehood, the thirst of de?iruction that constitute it; aud ngainst that system we demand that a crusadp of civilization and virtue »hould be rriised. which shall annihilate and scatter to the four winds of heaven the very elements of that barb»rity and crime. In demanding this, we do not trust to the forcé of our words ; we trust alone in the lofty power of TRUTH. THE UND.