Small Navigation Menu

Primary Menu

State recognition for ‘contested languages’: a comparative study of Sardinian and Asturian, 1992–2010

Citation: Wells, Naomi (2018) State recognition for ‘contested languages’: a comparative study of Sardinian and Asturian, 1992–2010. Language Policy . ISSN 1568-4555 (print); 1573-1863 (online)

While the idea of a named language as a separate and discrete identity is a political and social construct, in the cases of Sardinian and Asturian doubts over their respective ‘languageness’ have real material consequences, particularly in relation to language policy decisions at the state level. The Asturian example highlights how its lack of official status means that it is either ignored or subjected to repeated challenges to its status as a language variety deserving of recognition and support, reflecting how ‘official language’ in the Spanish context is often understood in practice as synonymous with the theoretically broader category of ‘language’. In contrast, the recent state recognition of Sardinian speakers as a linguistic minority in Italy (Law 482/1999) illustrates how legal recognition served to overcome existing obstacles to the implementation of regional language policy measures. At the same time, the limited subsequent effects of this Law, particularly in the sphere of education, are a reminder of the shortcomings of top-down policies which fail to engage with the local language practices and attitudes of the communities of speakers recognized. The contrastive focus of this article thus acknowledges the continued material consequences of top-down language classification, while highlighting its inadequacies as a language policy mechanism which reinforces artificial distinctions between speech varieties and speakers deserving of recognition.

Creators: Wells, Naomi (0000-0001-9900-0817) and
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9482-6
Official URL: https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10993-018...
Subjects: Culture, Language & Literature
Law
Politics
Keywords: Minority languages, Linguistic minorities, Spain, Italy, Asturias, Sardinia, Language policy, Language status
Divisions: Institute of Modern Languages Research
Dates:
  • 18 June 2018 (accepted)
  • 24 July 2018 (published)
References: Asturian Law 1/1998 (Law for the Use and Promotion of Bable/Asturian). Ley de uso y promoción del bable/asturiano. Junta General del Principado de Asturias. http://anleo.jgpa.es:8080/documentos/Boletines/PDF/4A-5616.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2011. Bauske, B. (1998). Planificación lingüística del asturiano: la normativización y normalización de una pequeña lengua romance en territorio español, desde los puntos de vista lingüístico, literario y político. Gijón: VTP. Berlinguer, L., & Mattone, A. (1998). L’identità storica della Sardegna contemporanea. In L. Berlinguer & A. Mattone (Eds.), la Sardegna (pp. xix–xlviii). Turin: Einaudi. Blasco Ferrer, E. (1984). Storia linguistica della Sardegna. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Blommaert, J. (1999a). The debate is open. In J. Blommaert (Ed.), Language ideological debates (pp. 1–38). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Blommaert, J. (1999b). The debate is closed. In J. Blommaert (Ed.), Language ideological debates (pp. 425–438). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Bolognesi, R. (2007). La limba sarda comuna e le varietà tradizionali del sardo. Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. In J. B. Thompson (Eds.), (G. Raymond & M. Adamson, Trans.). Cambridge: Polity. Calaresu, E. (2003). Alcune riflessioni sulla LSU (Limba Sarda Unificada). In V. Orioles (Ed.), La legislazione nazionale sulle minoranze linguistiche: problemi, applicazioni, prospettive (pp. 247–266). Udine: Centro Internazionale sul Plurilinguismo dell’Università di Udine. Campos Bandrés, I., Martínez Cortés, J. P., Martín, P., & Santiago, J. (2016). The Aragonese language in education in Spain. Leeuwarden: Mercator. Cano González, A. M. (1999). Bases para la petición de la Universidad de Uviéu de creación del título de Licenciado en Filología Asturiana (de Segundo Ciclo) y consiguiente inclusión en el Catálogo de Títulos Universitarios Oficiales. Lletres Asturianes, 70, 115–129. Cano González, A. M. (2002). Evolución lingüística interna del asturiano. In Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Ed.), Informe sobre la llingua asturiana (pp. 27–58). Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Cardia, M. (1998). La conquista dell’autonomia (1943–49). In L. Berlinguer & A. Mattone (Eds.), La Sardegna (pp. 717–774). Turin: Einaudi. Chamber of Deputies [Italy]. (25 May 1998). Resoconto stenografico dei lavori dell’Assemblea, seduta n. 359. http://leg13.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=2&content=/_dati/leg13/lavori/stenografici/jvhomefr.htm. Accessed 10 June 2010. Cheesman, T. (2001). ‘Old’ and ‘new’ lesser-used languages of Europe: Common cause? In C. C. O’Reilly (Ed.), Language, ethnicity and the state, volume 1: Minority languages in the European Union (pp. 147–168). Basingstoke: Palgrave. Chini, M. (2011). New linguistic minorities: Repertoires, language maintenance and shift. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 210, 47–69. Coluzzi, P. (2007). Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy: An analysis of the situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with reference to Spanish minority languages. Oxford: Peter Lang. Congress of Deputies [Spain]. (20 September 2000). Diario de Sesiones. Comisión de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. http://www.congreso.es. Accessed 21 August 2011. Congress of Deputies [Spain]. (31 March 1999). Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales. http://www.congreso.es. Accessed 11 August 2011. Constitution of the Italian Republic. (1948). Senato della Repubblica. http://www.senato.it/documenti/repository/istituzione/costituzione.pdf. Accessed 2 March 2010. Cossu, A. (2001). Piccola cronaca di un trentennio per la lingua sarda. In M. Argiolas and R. Serra (Eds.), Limba lingua language: Lingue locali, standardizzazione e identità in Sardegna nell’era della globalizzazione (pp. 23–42). Cagliari: CUEC. Council of Europe. (21 September 2005). Report of the Committee of Experts on the application of the Charter in Spain. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/EvaluationReports/SpainECRML1_en.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2011. Council of Europe. (24 February 2005). Second opinion on Italy. Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_2nd_OP_Italy_en.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2010. Council of Europe. (3 May 1999). Report submitted by Italy pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_1st_SR_Italy_en.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2010. Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2015). Translanguaging and identity in educational settings. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35, 20–35. Dal Negro, S. (2000). Il Ddl 3366—‘Norme in materia delle minoranze linguistiche storiche’: Qualche commento da (socio) linguista. Linguistica e Filologia (Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica e Letterature Comparate), 12, 91–105. De Andrés, R. (2002). Juicios sobre la lengua asturiana: Algunas cuestiones básicas acerca del debate lingüístico en Asturias. Oviedo: Àmbitu. De Mauro, T. (1987). L’Italia delle Italie. Rome: Riuniti. De Mauro, T. (1996). La questione della lingua. In C. Stajano (Ed.), La cultura italiana del Novecento (pp. 423–444). Bari: Laterza. De Mauro, T. (28 November 1991). Niente paura, restiamo italiani. La Repubblica. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/11/28/niente-paura-restiamo-italiani.html. Accessed 3 October 2013. Dell’Aquila, V., & Iannàccaro, G. (2004). La pianificazione linguistica: lingue, società e istituzioni. Rome: Carocci. Depau, G., & Zucca, I. (2005). Da una scolarizzazione monolingue in italiano ad una scolarizzazione bilingue italiano-sardo. In C. Guardiano, E. Calaresu, C. Robustelli, & A. Carli (Eds.), Lingue, istituzioni, territori. Riflessioni teoriche, proposte metodologiche ed esperienze di politica linguistica. Atti del XXXVIII Congresso internazionale di studi della Società di linguistica italiana (pp. 279–300). Rome: Bulzoni. Desideri, C., & Santantonio, V. (1997). Building a third level in Europe: prospects and difficulties in Italy. In C. Jeffery (Ed.), The regional dimension of the European Union: Towards a third level in Europe? (pp. 96–116). London: Frank Cass. Euromosaic. (12 January 1995a). Sardinian in Italy. http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index1.html. Accessed 20 June 2010. Euromosaic. (12 January 1995b). Sardinian language use survey. http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sard/an/e1/e1.html. Accessed 20 June 2010. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (23 June 1992). Council of Europe.http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/148.htm. Accessed 15 December 2009. Henrard, K. (2003). Devising an adequate system of minority protection in the area of language rights. In G. Hogan-Brun & S. Wolff (Eds.), Minority languages in Europe: Frameworks, status, prospects (pp. 37–55). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Herreras, J. C. (2006). Lenguas y normalización en España. Madrid: Gredos. Iannàccaro, G. (2010). Lingue di minoranza e scuola. A dieci anni dalla Legge 482/1999. Il plurilinguismo scolastico nelle comunità di minoranza della Repubblica Italiana (Ed. by T. Sinesi). Roma: MIUR. (Quaderni della Direzione Generale per gli Ordinamenti Scolastici e per l’Autonomia Scolastica, 1). Instrument of Ratification. (15 September 2001). Instrumento de ratificación de la Carta Europea de las Lenguas Regionales o Minoritarias, hecha en Estrasburgo el 5 de noviembre de 1992. Boletín Oficial del Estado.http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2001-17500. Accessed 1 September 2011. Jaffe, A. (1999). Locating power: Corsican translators and their critics. In J. Blommaert (Ed.), Language ideological debates (pp. 39–66). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Judgement 290. (4–13 July 1994). Constitutional Court of Italy. Corte Costituzionale.http://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionPronuncia.do. Accessed 3 June 2010. Judgement 82/1986. Constitutional Court of Spain. Boletín Oficial del Estado. http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?coleccion=tc&id=SENTENCIA-1986-0082. Accessed 8 June 2012. Judgement 337/1994. Constitutional Court of Spain. Tribunal Constitucional de España. http://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/HJ/es/Resolucion/Show/2854. Accessed 21 July 2011. Judgement 87/1997. Constitutional Court of Spain. Tribunal Constitucional de España. http://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/HJ/es/Resolucion/Show/3352. Accessed 21 July 2011. Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (1997). Language planning: From practice to theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Law 482. (15 December 1999). Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche. Parlamento Italiano. http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm. Accessed 4 May 2010. Llera Ramo, F. J., & San Martín Antuña, P. (2003). II estudio sociolingüístico de Asturias, 2002. Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. (2007). Disinventing and reconstituting languages. In S. Makoni & A. Pennycook (Eds.), Disinventing and reconstituting languages (pp. 1–41). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Marcato, C. (2004). The linguistic situation in Italy and Law 482/1999 regarding linguistic minorities. In K. Reynolds & D. Brancato (Eds.), Transitions: Prospettive di studio sulle trasformazioni letterarie e linguistiche nella cultura italiana (pp. 65–70). Florence: Cadmo. Mar-Molinero, C. (1990). Language policies in post-Franco Spain. In R. Clark, et al. (Eds.), Language and power (pp. 52–64). London: BAAL/CILT. Milian i Massana, A. (1984). La regulación constitucional del multilingüismo. Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional, 10, 123–154. Ministry of Education, Universities and Research [Italy]. (2003). Progetti approvati, minoranze linguistiche, l’anno scolastico 2003/04. http://archivio.pubblica.istruzione.it/news/minoranze_linguistiche/allegati/ELENCO2003.xls. Accessed 1 June 2010. Ministry of Education, Universities and Research [Italy]. (2006). Progetti approvati, minoranze linguistiche, l’anno scolastico 2006/07. http://archivio.pubblica.istruzione.it/news/2006/allegati/progetti_approvati_minling.xls. Accessed 1 June 2010. Ministry of Education, Universities and Research [Italy]. (2008). Progetti approvati, minoranze linguistiche, l’anno scolastico 2007/08. http://archivio.pubblica.istruzione.it/news/2008/allegati/all_minoranze_linguistiche.xls. Accessed 1 June 2010. Ministry of Education, Universities and Research [Italy]. (23 July 2008). Piano di interventi e di finanziamenti per la realizzazione di progetti nazionali e locali nel campo dello studio delle lingue e delle tradizioni culturali appartenenti ad una minoranza linguistica (Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482 art. 5) a. s. 2008/09. http://www.istruzione.it/web/istruzione/cm64_08#allegati. Accessed 1 June 2010. Morelli, D. (2006). La diversità linguistica e culturale in Italia. Annali della Pubblica Istruzione, 5–6, 6–22. Nic Craith, M. (2006). Europe and the politics of language: Citizens, migrants and outsiders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Nuova Sardegna, La. (12 December 1999). Floris ad Andreotti: ‘Il sardo è una lingua’. Il presidente della giunta chiede un chiarimento all’ex leader dc. http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/1999/12/12/SR102.html. Accessed 20 June 2010. Oppo, A. (2007a). Conoscere e parlare le lingue locali. In A. Oppo (Ed.), Le lingue dei sardi: una ricerca sociolinguistica (pp. 7–45). Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Oppo, A. (Ed.). (2007b). Le lingue dei sardi: Una ricerca sociolinguistica. Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Oppo, A. (2007c). Premessa. In A. Oppo (Ed.), Le lingue dei sardi: Una ricerca sociolinguistica (pp. 5–6). Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Organic Law 11/1983. Reforma Universitaria. Boletín Oficial del Estado. http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-23432. Accessed 20 October 2012. Orioles, V. (2003). Le minoranze linguistiche: Profili sociolinguistici e quadro dei documenti di tutela. Rome: Il Calamo. Otheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2015). Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(3), 281–307. Palici Di Suni Prat, E. (1999). Intorno alle minoranze. Torino: Giappichelli. Parry, M. (1994). Ël piemontèis, lenga d’Euròpa. In M. M. Parry, W. V. Davies, & R. A. M. Temple (Eds.), The changing voices of Europe: Social and political change and their linguistic repercussions, past, present and future: Papers in honour of Professor Glanville Price (pp. 173–192). Cardiff: University of Wales Press in Conjunction with the Modern Humanities Research Association. Paulis, G. (1998). La lingua sarda e l’identità ritrovata. In L. Berlinguer & A. Mattone (Eds.), La Sardegna (pp. 1201–1221). Turin: Einaudi. Pellegrini, G. B. (1977). Carta dei dialetti d’Italia. Pisa: Pacini. Pérez Fernández, J. M. (2005). El marco legal del asturiano: vías hacia el reconocimiento efectivo de los derechos lingüísticas. Oviedo: Fundación Caveda y Nava. Pérez Fernández, J. M. (2006a). Estatuto jurídico de la lengua asturiana. In J. M. Pérez Fernández (Ed.), Estudios sobre el estatuto jurídico de las lenguas en España (pp. 249–280). Barcelona: Atelier. Pérez Fernández, J. M. (2006b). Principios del régimen jurídicolingüístico: en especial, el estatuto de oficialidad. In J. M. Pérez Fernández (Ed.), Estudios sobre el estatuto jurídico de las lenguas en España (pp. 23–63). Barcelona: Atelier. Pérez Fernández, J. M. (2010). La tutela de las lenguas regionales o minoritarias estatutarias y su encaje en el modelo constitucional español: ¿un tertium genus en el reconocimiento de los derechos lingüísticos? Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional, 89, 157–191. Piergigli, V. (2000). La legge 15 dicembre 1999, 482 (norme in materia delle minoranze linguistiche storiche) ovvero dall’agnosticismo al riconoscimento. Rassegna Parlamentare,3, 623–657. Portelli, T. (2006). Il bilancio di un sessennio di attuazione nel settore scolastico nazionale. Annali della Pubblica Istruzione, 5–6, 131–143. Regional Law 26 [Sardinia]. (15 October 1997). Promozione e valorizzazione della cultura e della lingua della Sardegna. Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. http://www.comunas.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026. Accessed 20 July 2010. Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. (2012). Servizio lingua e cultura sarda. http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/68?s=1&v=9&c=5168&na=1&n=10. Accessed 12 August 2012. Royal Decree 905/2007. Por el que se crean el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales en la Administración General del Estado y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales. Boletín Oficial del Estado. http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-13911. Accessed 21 July 2011. Salvi, S. (1975). Le lingue tagliate: Storia delle minoranze linguistiche in Italia. Milan: Rizzoli. Savoia, L. (2001). La legge 482 sulle minoranze linguistiche storiche. Le lingue di minoranza e le varietà non standard in Italia. Rivista Italiana di Dialettologia, 25, 7–50. Savoia, L. (2003). Componenti ideologiche nel dibattito sulle leggi di tutela linguistica. In V. Orioles (Ed.), La legislazione nazionale sulle minoranze linguistiche: Problemi, applicazioni, prospettive (pp. 85–114). Udine: Centro Internazionale sul Plurilinguismo dell’Università di Udine. Schiffman, H. F. (1996). Linguistic culture and language policy. London: Taylor and Francis. Senate of the Republic [Italy]. (25 November 1999). Resoconto stenografico della seduta n. 719. http://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/frame.jsp?tipodoc=Resaula&leg=13&id=5419. Accessed 5 May 2010. Shohamy, E. G. (2006). Language policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches. London: Routledge. Siguán, M. (1993). Multilingual Spain. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger. Sinesi, T. (2010). La legge 482, le circolari e il piano di finanziamenti annuale del Ministero. In G. Iannàccaro, Lingue di minoranza e scuola. A dieci anni dalla Legge 482/1999. Il plurilinguismo scolastico nelle comunità di minoranza della Repubblica Italiana (pp. 115–120). Roma: MIUR, (Quaderni della Direzione Generale per gli Ordinamenti Scolastici e per l’Autonomia Scolastica, 1). Spanish Constitution. (1978). Senado de España. http://www.senado.es/constitu_i/indices/consti_ing.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2012. Special Statute for Sardinia. (1948). Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. https://www.regione.sardegna.it/documenti/1_39_20050318114805.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2010. Spiga, R. (2007). Le parlate locali e le comunicazioni mediate. In A. Oppo (Ed.), Le lingue dei sardi: una ricerca sociolinguistica (pp. 75–84). Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Statute of Autonomy of the Principality of Asturias. (1981). Junta General del Principado de Asturias. http://www.jgpa.es/recursos/doc/La_Junta_General/797180173_2272010113318.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2012. Telmon, T. (2007). L’impatto della legge di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche sulle istituzioni: Le positività e le negatività. In C. Consani & P. Desideri (Eds.), Minoranze linguistiche. Prospettive, strumenti, territori (pp. 310–326). Rome: Carocci. Tosi, A. (2001). Language and society in a changing Italy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Toso, F. (2004). La legge 482 e gli scenari recenti della ‘politica linguistica’ in Italia. Rivista Italiana di Dialettologia, 6, 41–64. Toso, F. (2005). Le legislazioni regionali in materia linguistica: Una risorsa e un problema. In F. LoPiparo & G. Ruffino (Eds.), Gli italiani e la lingua (pp. 255–267). Palermo: Sellerio. Toso, F. (2008). Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. Tufi, S. (2013). Language ideology and language maintenance: The case of Sardinia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 219, 145–160. Valdes, M. (2007). Valori, opinioni e atteggiamenti verso le lingue locali. In A. Oppo (Ed.), Le lingue dei sardi: una ricerca sociolinguistica (pp. 45–64). Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Viejo Fernández, X. (2004). Asturian: Resurgence and impeding demise of a minority language in the Iberian peninsula. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 170,169–190. Wagner, M. L. (1951). La lingua sarda: Storia, spirito e forma. Bern: Francke. Wells, N. (2016). The territorial principle: Language rights and linguistic minorities in Spain and Italy. In G. Valentine & U. Vieten (Eds.), Cartographies of difference: Interdisciplinary perspectives on living with difference (pp. 157–182). Bern: Peter Lang. Williams, G. (2005). Sustaining language diversity in Europe: Evidence from the Euromosaic project. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Williams, C. H. (Ed.). (2007). Language and governance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Wodak, R. (2006). Linguistic analyses in language policies. In T. Ricento (Ed.), An introduction to language policy: Theory and method (pp. 170–193). Malden: Blackwell. Woolard, K. (1998). Introduction: Language ideology as a field of inquiry. In B. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, & P. V. Kroskrity (Eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory (pp. 3–47). New York: Oxford University Press.
Comments and Suggestions:
This is the Online First version of the article which has not yet been assigned to a specific issue (it will most likely be assigned an issue in 2019)

Statistics

View details